One-dimensional quasi-static continuum model of muscle contraction as a distributed control system

Human muscles provide the mechanical energy necessary to set the body in motion. Some muscles, such as those in the lower limbs, provide large forces required to walk or run while others, like those around the wrist, have the dexterity needed to perform complex tasks. Understanding how these muscles function is an integral component of comprehending skeletal motion. Models and simulations of muscles are used not only to analyze human locomotion, but also to design robotic devices or to treat orthopaedic abnormalities.